Aggregate analysis techniques and apparatus

ABSTRACT

A device, method, and system for analyzing aggregate are described. An exemplary device may include a housing with one or more grading screens. Aggregate and liquid may be received by a port within the housing. The liquid and any suspended fines, after passing through the one or more grading screens and aggregate, may be received into an observation container for observing the clarity of the liquid.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/367,968, filed on Feb. 7, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/440,098, filed on Feb. 7, 2011,each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to analyzing aggregate and, in particular, toidentifying composition of granularity of aggregate.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Many concrete products define the requirements for grading and qualityof fine and coarse aggregate for use in production of the products. ASTMC-33 has defined a specification for a sieve test for aggregate inconcrete. The ASTM C-33 procedure passes the aggregate through sevensieves of narrowing sizes (sieve sizes include ⅜″, #4, #8, #16, #30,#50, and #100). The test requires that a sample of aggregate be driedand weighed prior to sifting. Drying is accomplished by baking theaggregate for a period of time to reduce to the test's desired moisturecontent. After the dried sample is weighed, the aggregate is siftedthrough the seven progressively smaller sieves, and the aggregatecollected in each sieve is weighed. The percent collected in each sieveis compared with a passing sample having 100% through ⅜″, 95-100%through #4, 80-100% through #8, 50-85% through #16, 25-60% through #30,5-30% through #50, and 0-10% through #100. In some applications of thetest, water may be used to aid in the sifting of the aggregate throughthe sieves. In this application, the amount of water used is notcontrolled or collected for observation. In addition, the resultingsorted aggregate must again be dried to the prior moisture content ofthe previously collected and dried sample to provide an accurate ratioof the sorted components to total sample.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The subject matter of this application may involve, in some cases,interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem,and/or a plurality of different uses of a single system or article.

One example embodiment provides an apparatus including: a housingconfigured to be sealed in a liquid-tight manner; a plurality of gradingscreens configured to reside within the housing, the plurality includingat least: a first grading screen, an interior region of which defines afirst compartment; and a second grading screen arranged concentricallywith the first grading screen, wherein a region between the secondgrading screen and the first grading screen defines a secondcompartment; wherein a region between the housing and the plurality ofgrading screens defines a third compartment; and first and second endplates configured to engage first and second ends, respectively, of theplurality of grading screens in a liquid-tight manner such that fluidcommunication between adjacent compartments is restricted to occurringthrough the grading screen there between. In some cases, the secondgrading screen is of finer mesh size than the first grading screen. Insome other cases, the first grading screen is of finer mesh size thanthe second grading screen. In some instances, the apparatus isconfigured to be at least one of mechanically tumbled, shaken, vibrated,spun, and agitated while maintaining restriction of fluid communicationbetween adjacent compartments to occurring through the grading screenthere between. In some instances, the apparatus is configured to be atleast one of manually tumbled, shaken, vibrated, spun, and agitatedwhile maintaining restriction of fluid communication between adjacentcompartments to occurring through the grading screen there between. Insome cases, the apparatus is configured: to receive a liquid in at leastone of the first compartment, the second compartment, and the thirdcompartment; and to receive an aggregate in at least one of the firstcompartment, the second compartment, and the third compartment. In somecases, each of the plurality of grading screens has a mesh size thatconforms to ASTM C-33 standards. In some instances, each of theplurality of grading screens is cylindrical in shape. In some otherinstances, each of the plurality of grading screens is tapered in shape.In some cases, the apparatus further includes a spacer configured tomaintain positioning of the plurality of grading screens relative to thehousing. In some instances, the apparatus further includes anobservation container configured to collect at least a portion of theliquid after passage thereof through the plurality of grading screens.In some such instances, the observation container resides within thehousing below the plurality of grading screens. In some other suchinstances, the observation container includes indicia for classifyingfines of the aggregate. In some other such instances, the observationcontainer is further configured to permit at least one of: observationof clarity of the collected portion of the liquid; comparison of clarityof the collected portion of the liquid with that of a known sample;measurement of settled particulate matter in the collected portion ofthe liquid; and measurement of turbidity of the collected portion of theliquid.

Another example embodiment provides a method of analyzing aggregate, themethod including: passing a liquid and an aggregate through a pluralityof grading screens concentrically arranged within a housing sealed in aliquid-tight manner; collecting at least a portion of the liquid afterpassage thereof through the plurality of grading screens; and analyzingthe collected portion of the liquid to determine a fines content of theaggregate. In some cases, the plurality of grading screens are ofsuccessively finer mesh size progressing from an innermost gradingscreen to an outermost grading screen, and the collected portion of theliquid is obtained downstream of the outermost grading screen. In someother such cases, the plurality of grading screens are of successivelyfiner mesh size progressing from an outermost grading screen to aninnermost grading screen, and the collected portion of the liquid isobtained downstream of the innermost grading screen. In some instances,each of the plurality of grading screens has a mesh size that conformsto ASTM C-33 standards, and the collected portion of the liquid isobtained downstream of the grading screen of finest mesh size. In somecases, passing the liquid and the aggregate through the plurality ofgrading screens involves at least one of mechanically tumbling, shaking,vibrating, spinning, and agitating the housing. In some cases, passingthe liquid and the aggregate through the plurality of grading screensinvolves at least one of manually tumbling, shaking, vibrating,spinning, and agitating the housing. In some instances, analyzing thecollected portion of the liquid to determine the fines content of theaggregate involves at least one of: observing clarity of the collectedportion of the liquid; comparing clarity of the collected portion of theliquid with that of a known sample; measuring settled particulate matterin the collected portion of the liquid; and measuring turbidity of thecollected portion of the liquid. In some cases, analyzing the collectedportion of the liquid to determine the fines content of the aggregateinvolves comparing weights of the liquid before and after passagethereof through the plurality of grading screens. In some instances, themethod further includes: collecting at least a portion of the aggregateafter passage thereof through the plurality of grading screens; andanalyzing the collected portion of the aggregate. In some suchinstances, analyzing the collected portion of the aggregate involvescomparing weights of the aggregate before and after passage thereofthrough the plurality of grading screens. In some cases, the aggregateincludes at least one of powder, dust, clay, sand, gravel, crushedstone, crushed concrete, coal, slag, crushed glass, loam, silt, soil,and septic fill. In some cases, the liquid includes water.

Another example embodiment provides a method including: adding anaggregate and a fluid to a first chamber through an opening in the firstchamber; sealing the opening in the first chamber; agitating the firstchamber to force the fluid and at least a portion of the aggregatethrough a screen wall of the first chamber; and retaining a secondportion of the aggregate in a volume between the screen wall of thefirst chamber and a screen wall of a second chamber surrounding thefirst chamber. In some cases, the screen wall of the first chamber andthe screen wall of the second chamber are of different mesh sizes. Insome instances, after agitating the first chamber to force the fluid andat least a portion of the aggregate through the screen wall of the firstchamber, the method further includes: collecting at least a portion ofthe fluid. In some cases, the aggregate includes at least one of powder,dust, clay, sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed concrete, coal, slag,crushed glass, loam, silt, soil, and septic fill. In some cases, thefluid includes water.

The devices, systems, and methods described herein may be usedseparately or together, and components or techniques described inrelation to one device, system, or method are capable of beingimplemented with the others. The subject matter of this application mayinvolve, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions toa particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of a singlesystem or article.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a device foranalyzing aggregate.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of anobservation container for analyzing liquid.

FIGS. 3A-3E are cross-sectional views of an exemplary embodiment of amethod and a system for analyzing aggregate.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of asystem for analyzing the liquid and sorted aggregate.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of adevice for analyzing aggregate having separate sorting compartment lids.

FIG. 5B is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of adevice for analyzing aggregate having separate sorting compartmentportals.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of adevice for analyzing aggregate having conical shaped grading screens.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of adevice for analyzing aggregate having a grading and observationscontainers within the same housing.

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of another exemplary embodimentof a device for analyzing aggregate having grading screens featuringovermolded portions and a corresponding insert.

These and other features of the present embodiments will be understoodbetter by reading the following detailed description, taken togetherwith the figures herein described. The accompanying drawings are notintended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearlyidentical component that is illustrated in various figures isrepresented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not everycomponent may be labeled in every drawing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Leach field and septic fill may have specific set requirements for thecompositional granularity of the material used. These specificrequirements may break down the various granularities of an aggregateinto set groups of granular sizes. Failure to follow these specificrequirements may result in premature failure of a septic system. In aseptic system, digestion of wastewater contaminants may occur by bothaerobic and anaerobic digestion. The conditions necessary within a leachfield of a septic system are generally aerobic, requiring oxygen. Oxygenneeds to flow through the soil to reach the bacteria and waste in theleaching system. When the septic fill contains high levels of fines, thefines may migrate and collect in a layer between the ground surface andthe septic discharge. The layer of fines may form dams orlow-permeability lenses. These lenses reduce the rate of flow andencourage accumulations of biological material, called “biomats.”Biomats can cause clogging of the filter fill material, thus preventinggrowth of bacteria and effective digestion and deterioration of theeffluent. The result is premature failure of the septic system andrepair requiring replacement of the filter sand. Minimizing the finescontent can inhibit the formation of biomats, but also increases thecost of the sand.

The composition and size of granules of an aggregate material cangreatly affect its ability to be used in the production of a particularproduct. As previously described with respect to septic fill, a fillsand that has too many small particles, referred to in the industry asfines, may result in premature failure of a septic systems. ASTM C-33has defined standards and specifications for a sieve test for aggregatein concrete. However, these tests may require laboratory conditions. Thesample must be collected from the job site and sent to a laboratory foranalysis. Construction may be delayed while waiting for laboratoryresults. Laboratory testing also requires additional time to bake thesample to a desired moisture content. Such analysis may take days toweeks for results from the time of taking the sample to receiving theresults at the job site. In addition to the time delay, the laboratorytesting also can increase the cost of the project.

The frequency of laboratory testing may be reduced or eliminated due tothe cost and time involved. This limited testing may not identifydiscrepancies that result from shipping or storage of the aggregate.Aggregate composition may change during shipping; for example, thevibrations during transport may cause segregation of particles based onsize. Material taken from the top or bottom of a load may have adifferent particle size composition than what was originally tested andloaded on the vessel. In another example, a pile of stored aggregatealso may result in stratification due to exposure to weather andloading/unloading of material. Again, the material taken from the top orbottom of the pile may have a different composition from what wasoriginally mixed and tested before stock piling.

The limited testing also may result in uncertainty in accountability ofa manufacturer, shipper, supplier, builder, and end customer. Thereputation of a builder may be adversely affected when the correctproduct was ordered, but due to errors or unscrupulous activity on thepart of a member of the supply chain, the wrong product was deliveredand used. Likewise, individuals down the supply chain may have theirreputation adversely affected by errors or unscrupulous activity on thepart of a member upstream. Additional costs may occur when the mistakeis discovered after product completion. These additional costs mayinclude demolition and repair costs for the final product far exceedingthe original replacement material costs.

Accordingly, embodiments of the invention may provide a device, method,and/or system that allows for more frequent and cost-effective analysisof aggregate composition. Embodiments may allow for composition testingwithout pre- and/or post-analysis drying of the aggregate. Embodimentsmay allow for on-site, instant field testing and results. Someembodiments may provide a preliminary test indicating passing results,failing results, or the need for more thorough testing. Embodiments mayallow for testing by individuals without formal training or experience.Additionally, embodiments may reduce laboratory tests' costs and time.Some embodiments may supplement or replace current laboratory testingprocedures.

Embodiments are not limited to analysis of the compositional granularityof material for leach fields and septic fill. In one example,embodiments may be used to classify soil and/or determine permeability;for example, a soil sample may be analyzed to determine how much silt orloam the sample contains. The analysis may be used, for example, todetermine if the soil sample is silty loam or loamy silt. This soilclassification may become important when choosing the right septicsystem product and determining the appropriate system size.Additionally, many industries provide requirements for grading andcategorization of fine and coarse aggregate for use in a production ofvarious products. For example, concrete or ceramic producers may havespecific set requirements for the compositional granularity of the sandor other components used. These specific requirements may break down thevarious granularities of an aggregate into specifics ranges of granularsizes. Failure to follow these specific requirements may result instructural defects in concrete or ceramic. Embodiments described hereinmay be used to analyze the aggregate components used to produceconcrete, ceramics, or other materials that include an aggregatecomponent.

In one exemplary embodiment, a device for analyzing aggregate includesone or more grading screens. A port into the device allows for receivingthe aggregate and a liquid within the one or more grading screens. Thegrading screens or sieves may be, for example, but not limited to,screens, mesh, filters, or matrices with selectively sized openings. Thescreens may include, but are not limited in number or size to, thesieves used in the ASTM C-33 standard (⅜″, #4, #8, #16, #30, #50, and#100). The components of the device and the methods of using it also maybe customized for other standards or specifications of associations,organizations, or product suppliers or producers; for example, thedevice can be customized to meet standards set by the AmericanAssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).Embodiments may include additional or fewer screens and/or finer orcoarser screens, as may be required. The liquid can form a slurry thatcan help flush the aggregate through the one or more grading screens andis collected in an observation container. The observation container canbe constructed to receive the liquid (including particles), and theliquid then can be analyzed for fines content. Fines content can bedetermined, for example, by measuring the turbidity of the liquid or bymeasuring the fines that settle out of suspension.

According to another embodiment, each subsequent, adjacent gradingscreen from the port for receiving aggregate may have successively finermesh. The space in between each screen may provide one or more sortingcompartments. Passing the aggregate and liquid through successivelyfiner screens allows the coarser/larger granules to be sorted first. Asthe aggregate and liquid pass through each grading screen, finer andfiner aggregate collects in each of the sorting compartments until thefinal screen of the desired finest mesh size. The successively finerscreens may be used not only to filter out the various sized granules,but also to prevent the clogging of material in the first screenencountered. In an embodiment where only the liquid is analyzed forclarity, multiple successively finer screens may allow for efficientfiltering of granules even when the amount of each and every size is notrequired for analysis. Using only the desired finest screen may resultin the assortment of granule sizes forming a dam and obstructingaggregate granules that would have passed through the finest screen.Multiple mesh sizes also can provide valuable information to theoperator regarding the particle size distribution of the aggregate beingtested.

In another embodiment, the one or more grading screens are housed withina grading container. The grading container may be a liquid-tightcontainer with ports for access. The ports may be opened and closed toallow for receiving and dispensing of aggregate and liquids. The one ormore grading screens may be housed within the grading container. Thegrading container may be sized and configured to allow for easytransport and storage. For example, but without limitation, a 9-inchdiameter cylinder with a 12-inch height may provide for easy storage andtransportation to the job site. Additionally, the size of the gradingcontainer also may allow for an adult human to manually tumble thegrading container. Once the aggregate and liquid have been added, thegrading container may be shaken back and forth in a tumbling action toallow the liquid to be recycled back through the grading screens and toprovide for additional washing of particles through the screens, thusimproving the yield of the smallest sized particles, such as fines. Thetumbling actions may help to prevent damming of larger particles againsta given grading screen, thus enabling smaller particles to more readilyreach subsequent, finer screens.

In another embodiment, the device has a receiving compartment forreceiving aggregate and liquid from the port, and the device has fivesuccessive sorting compartments. In the cylindrical container example, aport may be provided, for example, in the middle of the cylinder, andthe port may provide fluid communication between the exterior of thecontainer and the receiving compartment defined by the first (or only)screen. The port may provide the only path to the interior space that isaccessible other than through the screen mesh. Cylindrical screens maybe provided with successively larger diameter cylindrical screens havingfiner mesh sizes. The receiving compartment may be provided in thecenter of the cylindrical container surrounded by the coarser gradingscreen. The top of the cylindrical container may include a lid to allowaccess to the receiving compartment. The lid may be removed to allow anindividual to add the aggregate sample and liquid to the receivingcompartment. A funnel or tube also may be used to provide easy accessfor receiving aggregate and liquid. It should be noted that, in someembodiments, it may not be required that the liquid be added to thereceiving compartment. The liquid may be added through other ports orcompartments of the grading container. The grading container may betumbled to allow circulation of the liquid through the various gradingscreens, and individual screens may be added or removed independentlyfrom the container.

In another embodiment, the device has a receiving compartment forreceiving aggregate and liquid from the port, and the device hassuccessive sorting compartments. Each subsequent, adjacent sortingcompartment may be separated by grading screens with successively finermeshes. Each sorting compartment may have a dispensing port or otheroutlet providing access to the respective sorting compartments. Inaccordance with embodiments that analyze the amount of sorted aggregateby the grading screens, the amount of aggregate collected in eachsorting compartment may be dispensed and weighed or used for furtheranalyses. The space formed between successive screens may be the same orvaried from screen to screen. As successive screens (smaller mesh sizesas aggregate advances from the interior to the exterior) have largerdiameters, the space between screens may be of greater volume as thescreen mesh size gets smaller and smaller. Similarly, the screensclosest to the exterior of the container may exhibit greater surfacearea than those near the interior. Thus, the screens having the smallestmesh sizes may be those with the largest surface area. It has been foundthat this can be advantageous due to a tendency of smaller mesh sizes toclog more readily than the larger mesh sizes. The surface area of thegrading screen with the finest mesh size may be 2, 3, 5, or more than 10times greater than the surface area of the grading screen with thecoarsest mesh size, in accordance with an embodiment.

In another embodiment, the receiving compartment may be located in anexterior portion of the device, and the device may have successivesorting compartments advancing inwardly to the interior of the receivingcompartment. Each subsequent, adjacent sorting compartment may beseparated by grading screens with successively finer meshes (e.g.,smaller mesh sizes as aggregate advances from the exterior to theinterior). An observation compartment or a dispenser may be located inan interior portion of the device. Embodiments are not limited tosuccessive grading from the interior to the exterior or the exterior tothe interior, but may include successive grading screens and sortingcompartments located in either a horizontal direction (progressing fromtop-down) or vertical direction (progressing from side-to-side).

In another embodiment, the final compartment after the final gradingscreen may include an observation compartment or a dispenser/outlet fordispensing the liquid and any suspended matter into an observationcontainer. It should be noted that the observation compartment/containermay be incorporated into the grading container or may be aseparate/discrete container. The dispenser/outlet may be, for example, aspigot with a valve. The valve may be placed into a closed positionduring the adding and tumbling of sample aggregate and liquid. The valvethen may be placed into an open position to allow for dispensing of theliquid into the observation container.

In another embodiment, the observation container may allow forobservation of the clarity of the liquid after passing through theaggregate and grading screens. According to an exemplary embodiment, theliquid may include fine particles suspended in the liquid. These fineparticles, called “fines,” are made of clay, stone dust, and organicmaterial. Fines are particles that are generally smaller than about0.075 millimeters. The liquid may be observed after or prior to a periodof settling. For example, the turbidity of the suspension may bemeasured using a turbidimeter as an indication of the concentration offine particles suspended in the liquid. Alternatively, the fines may beallowed to settle, providing an observable delineation at an interfacebetween the settled particulate material and the supernatant. Ifmeasured prior to settling, the suspension of the particles may beimproved by the addition of a dispersion aid such as a dispersant inorder to prevent aggregation and maintain the fines in suspension. Ifsegregation of the particles from the liquid is desired, a settlingagent such as a flocculant may be used. This may accelerate the settlingof the particles, thereby allowing a faster determination of fineparticles content. The observation container also may includemarkings/indicia to aid in classifying the fines in the aggregate.

An exemplary embodiment may include a method for analyzing aggregate.The aggregate may be placed within one or more grading screens. Acarrier liquid is passed through the aggregate and one or more gradingscreens. After passing the carrier liquid through the aggregate and oneor more grading screens, the liquid is collected and observed. Theclarity of the observed liquid may be used to analyze the liquid. Thecloudiness or clarity of the liquid may be used to determine the finesin the aggregate. In one exemplary embodiment, the analysis may be usedas a screening test. For example, a screening test may indicate that theaggregate is well within the acceptable standards or that the aggregateis well outside of the acceptable standards and should not be used.Another category may indicate that further testing may be needed priorto use of the aggregate, and this may be followed by a laboratory test.

According to another embodiment, the method may use a grading containerhousing multiple sorting compartments with each sorting compartmentseparated by the one or more grading screens. In another embodiment, theaction of collecting the suspension may involve dispensing liquid from aport of the grading container housing.

According to another embodiment of the method, the method may use a setamount of aggregate sample and liquid; for example, the method may useone cup of aggregate and two cups of water. After passing the liquidthrough the aggregate and one or more grading screens one or more times,a set amount of liquid also may be collected. For example, a test mayrequire that at least one and a half cups of liquid of the two cupsplaced in the grading container must be collected in the observationcontainer.

According to another embodiment, the action of passing liquid involvespassing the liquid through the aggregate and one or more grading screensmultiple times. This may involve, for example, a pump or tubing thatallows for the recirculation of liquid back through the aggregate andone or more grading screens. This also may involve a tumbling,agitating, spinning, or shaking of a grading container allowing theliquid to pass back and forth through the grading screens. Someembodiments may require a set/predetermined amount of time for tumblingof the grading container; for example, five to ten minutes. Otherembodiments may involve a device to facilitate the tumbling; forexample, a motor or crank-operated device may be used to cause thegrading container to vibrate, shake, agitate, and/or tumble.Furthermore, in some embodiments, the action of passing liquid mayinvolve movement of the grading container in an orbital fashion and/ormay involve spinning or precessing of the grading container.

According to another embodiment, the method may involve the analysis ofthe amount of aggregate sorted in each sorting compartment betweengrading screens. In one embodiment, the contents of each sortingcompartment may be measured, for example, by weighing and recorded. Therecorded amount may be compared with the weight of the original sample,the weight of the original liquid added, and the weight of the liquidcollected in the observation container. This data then may be used tocalculate the percentage of aggregate collected in each sortingcompartment.

According to another embodiment, the action of observing the clarity ofthe liquid may occur a set/predetermined period of time after the actionof collecting the liquid. In one example, the period may be a set timebetween five and ten minutes, between ten and twenty minutes, or betweentwenty and thirty minutes, or longer. This may allow at least some ofthe fines to settle to the bottom of the observation container. Theanalysis may involve measuring the height of a settled layer or acomparison of multiple layers within the liquid. In one example, themarkings/indicia may indicate the maximum height allowed for the layerof settled fines in order for the tested sample to meet specifications.In another example, the analysis may involve markings indicating themaximum height allowed for cloudy liquid. In this example, a clearliquid layer may be required above an indicative mark. Embodiments arenot limited by settling time and may include centrifuging or addition ofcoagulant or flocculating agents. Embodiments also are not limited toanalysis by markings/indicia on the observation container. In oneembodiment, the clarity of the observation container may be comparedwith known samples including liquid with known amounts of fines. In thisexample, both the collected sample and standard samples may be shaken atthe same time and immediately compared to determine which known samplethe collected sample best matches. Based on this comparison, the amountof fines may be determined quantitatively or on a pass/failure basis.Accordingly, the amount of fines in a test of aggregate may bedetermined empirically based on a comparison with known samples ofacceptable aggregate. In another exemplary embodiment, a device formeasurement of light transmission or light scattering, such as aturbidimeter, may be used to analyze the collected liquid.

Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary device 100 for analyzing aggregate mayinclude a grading container 102. Grading container 102 may house orotherwise contain one or more grading screens 104 a-104 e. As shown inexpanded views A and E, the grading screen 104 e may have finer meshthan the grading screen 104 a. Each of the grading screens 104 a-104 emay have successively finer screens starting with the grading screen 104a and progressing through to grading screen 104 e. Embodiments are notlimited to five grading screens and may have more or less than fivegrading screens. A receiving compartment 106, which may be located inthe middle of the grading container 102, may be used to load theaggregate sample and liquid. Once loaded, the lid 108 may be placed onthe grading container 102. The lid may provide a seal between thegrading screens 104 and the grading container 102, thus preventing anyaggregate and liquid from passing to other compartments without passingthrough the various grading screens 104. As the aggregate and liquid mixand pass through the various grading screens, the aggregate is sortedinto the various sorting compartments 110 a-110 e. Once thoroughlymixed, the liquid may be dispensed into an observation container 114through spigot 112. The spigot 112 may be selectively opened or closed.During mixing or tumbling, the spigot 112 may be closed to retain theliquid within the grading container 102. Once the tumbling process iscomplete, the spigot 112 may be opened to dispense the liquid and anysuspended particles into the observation container 114.

Referring to FIG. 2, an exemplary observation container 114 is filledwith liquid dispensed from the grading container 102. Observationcontainer 114 may be a transparent container with markings 202 to aidthe user in analysis. In one embodiment, markings 202 may be used toindicate the desired amount of liquid to be dispensed into theobservation container 114. For example, the top markings 202 mayindicate the level that the liquid 204A should meet. In otherembodiments, the markings may indicate the acceptable level of, forexample, settled fines 204C after a set period of time or level ofacceptable cloudiness of the supernatant liquid 204B. In anotherembodiment, the markings 202 may be viewed from the opposite side of thecontainer. In this embodiment, the markings may be used to indicatelevels of cloudiness. For example, the user looking through theobservation container 114 at the markings 202 on the opposite side ofthe observation container 114 may gauge the cloudiness by indicating thelowest marking 202 that is observable with the naked eye. In anotherembodiment, the liquid, including suspended fines, can be transferred toa vial or cuvette that can then be read using a turbidimeter, such as amodel 2100Q Portable Turbidimeter available from Hach Corporation. Theamount of fines in the original aggregate sample then can be correlatedto the turbidity of the liquid suspension.

Referring to FIGS. 3A-3E, an exemplary method and system for analyzingaggregate is provided. Beginning with FIG. 3A, a cross-section view ofthe grading container 102 is shown. The sample aggregate 302 and liquid304 are collected and prepared for analysis. The preparation may involvemeasuring the sample, as well as various other methods, to ensure anaccurate sample has been collected. The sample may be measured eithervolumetrically or by mass. Referring to FIG. 3B, the aggregate sample302 is dumped into the receiving compartment 106 of the gradingcontainer 102. Referring to FIG. 3C, the liquid 304 also is placed intothe receiving compartment 106. The liquid 304 and aggregate sample 302are combined and mixed in the receiving compartment 106. The liquid 304may aid in the aggregate 302 sifting and passing through the variousgrading screens 104. Referring to FIG. 3D, the lid 108 may be secured onthe grading container 102, providing a liquid-tight seal with both theoutside container and the individual grading screens 104. The mixture ofaggregate 302 and liquid 304 is tumbled in a rocking motion to aid inthe aggregate sifting process. The tumbling action may cause the liquidto recirculate through the grading screens 104. The recirculated liquid304 may break up dams formed by the aggregate 302 and grading screens104. The liquid 304 may suspend granules of the aggregate 302facilitating passage of the grading screens 104 and into the correctsorting compartment 110 based on the size of the granule. Referring toFIG. 3E, the liquid 304 with suspended fines that have made it throughall of the grading screens 104 may then be drained through the spigot112 and into the observation container 114. The spigot 112 may belocated on or near the bottom of the grading container 102 to aid indrainage of the liquid out of the grading container. The user also maytilt the grading container during drainage to facilitate the drainage ofliquid 304 out of the spigot 112. Additionally, the device mayincorporate additional features to facilitate drainage of the liquid304; for example, the bottom surface may be sloped in the direction ofthe spigot 112. The spigot 112 also is not limited to a lower sidelocation. The spigot 112 may be located, for example, on the top orbottom surface of the device. The liquid 304 and suspended material maybe analyzed further in the observation container 114, as previouslydiscussed in other embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 4, the various sorted components of the aggregate maybe analyzed further. The aggregate components may be emptied from eachof the sorting compartments 110. Each sorted aggregate component 302a-302 e may be analyzed further to determine, for example, thepercentage relative to the total sample taken. This information may beused independently or in conjunction with the analysis of the liquidsample. It should be noted that the receiving compartment 106 also maybe used as a sorting compartment 110 a for the coarser materials.

Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the grading container 102 is not limitedto the lid 108 as described in earlier embodiments. The lid may be acombination of several lids 508 and 502 a-502 e, for example, to aid inthe removal of sorted aggregate components after mixing. In FIG. 5A,individual lids 502 a-502 e are provided for each grading screen 104 andattendant sorting compartment 110 (e.g., lid 502 a corresponds withsorting compartment 110 a defined by grading screen 104 a). To place theaggregate sample in the grading container 102, all the lids 508 and 502a-502 e, for example, are removed. After the aggregate sample and liquidare added to the receiving compartment 106, the lids 502 a-502 e arefitted onto the respective individual sorting compartments 110 a-110 e,and lid 508 is then fitted onto grading container 102. After mixing anddrainage of the liquid, the lid 508 is first removed and then each lid502 a-502 e for each sorting compartment 110 a-110 e is removed as eachsorted component is removed and placed into a specimen container. Eachlid 502 a-502 e may provide a liquid-tight or an adequate seal toprevent contamination between the various sorting compartments 110. Eachgrading screen 104 may be, for example, a cylindrical shape with sidewalls and bottom of the respective grade screen. Each individual gradingscreen 104 may be removed from the grading container 102 to facilitateemptying of the various sorted components of aggregate. Accordingly,spacers or brackets may be provided to allow space between the bottomsof each successive grading screen 104 as well as to the final gradingscreen 110 and the bottom of the grading container 102. It should benoted that each sorting compartment/container may be incorporated into agrading container or may be separate containers that couple together.

Referring to FIG. 5B, another embodiment may provide individualports/apertures 504 on the lid 108 for each sorting compartment 110.After mixing and sorting the aggregate sample, each individual port maybe opened to allow emptying of the respective sorting compartments 110.Embodiments are not limited to these ports or dispensing port/spigot112. Other ports/outlets may be provided to facilitate the process. Forexample, the grading container 102 may include a flush port for flushingtested aggregate and liquid from the grading container 102 aftertesting, thus preventing the contamination of future test samples withmaterial from prior test samples.

Referring to FIG. 6, the sample of the grading screens 104 is notlimited to a cylindrical shape. According to another embodiment, thegrading screens 602 may be conical shaped having tapered walls with anarrower bottom relative to the top. Embodiments are not limited to theangles shown. For instance, the grading screens 104 may be any suitableshape, such as, but not limited to: cylindrical, conical, polygonal,cuboid, pyramidal, prismatic, or polyhedral, or any two-dimensionalvariation/derivative of such geometries.

Referring to FIG. 7, an exemplary device 700 for analyzing aggregate mayinclude a grading container 102 and observation container 114 within thesame housing. Similar to previously described embodiments, within thegrading container 102 are one or more grading screens 104 a-104 e. Eachof the grading screens 104 a-104 e may have successively finer screensstarting with the grading screen 104 a and progressing through tograding screen 104 e. The receiving compartment 106 may be used to loadthe aggregate sample and liquid. Once loaded, the lid 108 may be placedon the grading container 102. As the aggregate and liquid mix and passthrough the various grading screens, the aggregate is sorted into thevarious sorting compartments 110 a-110 e. Once thoroughly mixed, theliquid may be dispensed into an observation container 114 through aseparating device 702. The separating device 702 may be a plate designedto prevent the liquid from entering the observation container 114 untilafter mixing of the aggregate and liquid. Once mixed, the plate may beremoved to allow the liquid to drain into the observation container 114.In another example, the separating device 702 may be a port with avalve. In yet another example, the separating device may be a screenallowing the liquid to enter and circulate through the observationcontainer 114 during the mixing process. Once the mixing process iscomplete, the liquid may be allowed to settle through the sortingcompartments 110 a-110 e and into the observation container 114.

As previously described, the exemplary observation container 114 may bea transparent vessel with markings 202 to aid the user in analysis. Theamount of fines in the original aggregate sample then can be measured byviewing the height of the sediment in the marked portion of observationcontainer 114. In other embodiments, the turbidity of a suspension canbe measured by shining light through observation container 114. Theobservation container 114 may include inclined walls or floors tofacilitate the draining of the liquid and fines. The observationcontainer 114 may be integral to the same housing as the gradingcontainer 102 and is not limited to the location as shown in FIG. 7; forexample, the observation container 114 may be located on an outer wallof the housing 700. As those of ordinary skill in the art will readilyenvision, the observation container 114 may be positioned in a varietyof locations within the housing 700.

According to another embodiment, the device for analyzing aggregate isnot limited to the portable device as described in other exemplaryembodiments. The device for analyzing aggregate may be incorporated intoa fully or partially mechanized or automated device. Such device mayallow for minimal or no human interaction. Exemplary devices may controlthe specific amounts of aggregate or liquid analyzed and/or control thedistribution or cycling of liquid through the aggregate. Additionally,the observation of liquid or aggregate also may be automated usingoptical, electrical, or mechanical analysis. The device for analyzingaggregate also is not limited to the size and shape as described inother exemplary embodiments. Exemplary devices may perform analysis on alarge scale; for example, testing large amounts of aggregate and/orperforming multiple analyses in rapid succession. Exemplary devices maybe incorporated into production/manufacturing line equipment that maytest aggregate automatically and routinely in a continuous manner duringthe production or manufacturing process.

Referring to FIG. 8, an exemplary device 800 for analyzing aggregate mayinclude one or more grading screens 804 a-804 c and an assembly 820configured to receive/secure the grading screens 804 a-804 c. As shownby expanded views A, B, and C, grading screen 804 c may have finer meshthan grading screen 804 b, which may have finer mesh than grading screen804 a. As similarly discussed previously in the context of otherembodiments of the present invention, each of grading screens 804 a-804c may have successively finer screens starting with grading screen 804 aand progressing through to grading screen 804 c (or further subsequentgrading screen). Embodiments are not limited to three grading screensand may have more or less than three gradings screens (e.g., fivegrading screens). Grading screens 804 a-804 c may be configured to nestin concentric fashion, with the innermost grading screen having thecoarsest mesh size and subsequent grading screens having progressivelyfiner mesh sizes. Other suitable arrangements/configurations will dependon a given application and will be apparent in light of this disclosure.

As can be seen in the figure, and in accordance with a specific exampleembodiment, a grading screen 804 a may include a thickened or otherwisebroadended edge; for instance, a first overmolded portion 808 a formedon a bottom/first edge thereof and/or a second overmolded portion 812 aformed on a top/second edge thereof. Additional grading screens may besimilarly configured (e.g., grading screen 804 b with one or moreovermolded portions 808 b/812 b, grading screen 804 c with one or moreovermolded portions 808 c/812 c, etc.). In some such cases, theovermolded portions may assist with, for example: (1) fitting/securing agiven grading screen with end plates 830 and/or 840; (2) maintaining thespacing between two consecutive grading screens (e.g., maintaining thedimensions of a given sorting compartment defined therebetween); and/or(3) ensuring that liquid and/or aggregate is prevented from passing fromone sorting compartment to another sorting compartment other than byflowing through a given grading screen.

Assembly 820 may be configured to receive/secure the one or more gradingscreens 804 a-804 c. In some cases, assembly 820 may comprise, forexample, a first end plate 830, a second end plate 840, a connector 850,and a securing mechanism 860. In some instances, assembly 820 may beconfigured/sized to be positionable within a grading container 102 orother suitable receptacle, as previously discussed.

The one or more end plates 830/840 may be configured to receive and/orsecure grading screens 804 a-804 c. For instance, end plates 830/840 mayinclude one or more ribs, tabs, recesses, protrusions, tracks, or othersuitable features defined therein/thereon which allow for a mated/sealedrelationship with the overmolded portions 808 a-808 c and/or 812 a-812 cof the grading screens 804 a-804 c. In one specific example embodiment,end plate 830 includes a plurality of concentrically arranged recessedtracks 832 a-832 c configured to receive overmolded portions 808 a-808c, and end plate 840 is similarly configured with a plurality ofconcentrically arranged recessed tracks (not visible in the figure)configured to receive overmolded portions 812 a-812 c. In some suchinstances, this configuration may help to ensure that the gradingscreens 804 a-804 c remain securely positioned/spaced, thus ensuringthat liquid and/or aggregate is prevented from passing from one sortingcompartment to another sorting compartment other than by flowing througha given grading screen. Other suitable configurations which achieve thisaim will be apparent in light of this disclosure.

Assembly 820 may include a connector 850 configured to join/space endplates 830 and 840. Grading screens 804 a-804 c may be positionableabout connector 850; for example, grading screens 804 a-804 c may bepositioned in concentrically nested fashion about a connecting rod 850.In one example case, end plate 840 may include an aperture 846configured to accommodate connector 850. Depending on a givenapplication, connector 850 may be appropriately configured to provide ajoining/interlocking connection between end plate 830 and end plate 840(and thus help to secure the positioning of the one or more gradingscreens 804 a-804 c), and may provide, for example: a threadedconnection, a snap fit connection, a ball lock connection, a detent pinconnection, a bayonet mount connection, a twist lock connection, acotter pin connection, or a retaining clip connection. Other suitableconfigurations for connector 850 will be apparent in light of thisdisclosure.

Assembly 820 may include a securing mechanism 860 (e.g., a cap, nut,plate, etc.) including a portion 866 configured to interlock with orotherwise securely engage a portion 856 of connector 850. For instance,in one specific example embodiment, securing mechanism 860 includes athreaded, recessed portion 866 configured to engage a threaded,screw-type protrusion 856 of connector 850.

As will be appreciated in light of this disclosure, any of thecomponents of the various embodiments of the device for analyzingaggregate may be formed using techniques such as, but not limited to,thermoset molding, injection molding, or other suitablemanufacturing/production techniques. In some embodiments, one or morecomponents of the device may be formed, for example, from materials suchas, but not limited to, polypropylene, polyethylene, acrylic, or othersuitable material or combination of materials.

While several embodiments of the present invention have been describedand illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readilyenvision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing thefunctions and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of theadvantages described herein, and each of such variations and/ormodifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention.More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatall parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations describedherein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters,dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon thespecific application or applications for which the teachings of thepresent invention is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize,or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, manyequivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention describedherein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoingembodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within thescope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the invention maybe practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Thepresent invention is directed to each individual feature, system,article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, anycombination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials,kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials,kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included withinthe scope of the present invention.

All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood tocontrol over dictionary definitions, definitions in documentsincorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the definedterms.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in thespecification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to thecontrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in theclaims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements soconjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some casesand disjunctively present in other cases. Other elements may optionallybe present other than the elements specifically identified by the“and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elementsspecifically identified, unless clearly indicated to the contrary.

The term “aggregate” is used herein to describe solid material havingthe same or an assortment of different sized granules or particulatematter, for example, but not limited to, powder, dust, clay, sand,gravel, crushed stone, crushed concrete, coal, slag, crushed glass,loam, silt, and soil. Granules and particles are not limited tonaturally occurring, manufactured, or a combination.

The aggregate may be, for example, natural or synthetic packedaggregate. Natural aggregates may further include, for example, crushedstone and sand.

The term “liquid” is used herein to describe a substance in a fluidstate, for example, but not limited to, water, oils, alcohols, orsolvents. The liquid also may include coagulant agents, toxic agents,and/or filtering agents.

All references, patents and patent applications and publications thatare cited or referred to in this application are incorporated in theirentirety herein by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a housing configured tobe sealed in a liquid-tight manner; a plurality of grading screensconfigured to reside within the housing, the plurality comprising atleast: a first grading screen, an interior region of which defines afirst compartment; and a second grading screen arranged concentricallywith the first grading screen, wherein a region between the secondgrading screen and the first grading screen defines a secondcompartment; wherein a region between the housing and the plurality ofgrading screens defines a third compartment; and first and second endplates configured to engage first and second ends, respectively, of theplurality of grading screens in a liquid-tight manner such that fluidcommunication between adjacent compartments is restricted to occurringthrough the grading screen there between.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the second grading screen is of finer mesh size than the firstgrading screen.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first gradingscreen is of finer mesh size than the second grading screen.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to be at leastone of mechanically tumbled, shaken, vibrated, spun, and agitated whilemaintaining restriction of fluid communication between adjacentcompartments to occurring through the grading screen there between. 5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to be atleast one of manually tumbled, shaken, vibrated, spun, and agitatedwhile maintaining restriction of fluid communication between adjacentcompartments to occurring through the grading screen there between. 6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured: toreceive a liquid in at least one of the first compartment, the secondcompartment, and the third compartment; and to receive an aggregate inat least one of the first compartment, the second compartment, and thethird compartment.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of theplurality of grading screens has a mesh size that conforms to ASTM C-33standards.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality ofgrading screens is cylindrical in shape.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein each of the plurality of grading screens is tapered in shape.10. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a spacer configured tomaintain positioning of the plurality of grading screens relative to thehousing.
 11. A method of analyzing aggregate, the method comprising:passing a liquid and an aggregate through a plurality of grading screensconcentrically arranged within a housing sealed in a liquid-tightmanner; collecting at least a portion of the liquid after passagethereof through the plurality of grading screens; and analyzing thecollected portion of the liquid to determine a fines content of theaggregate.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of gradingscreens are of successively finer mesh size progressing from aninnermost grading screen to an outermost grading screen, and wherein thecollected portion of the liquid is obtained downstream of the outermostgrading screen.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality ofgrading screens are of successively finer mesh size progressing from anoutermost grading screen to an innermost grading screen, and wherein thecollected portion of the liquid is obtained downstream of the innermostgrading screen.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein passing the liquidand the aggregate through the plurality of grading screens involves atleast one of mechanically tumbling, shaking, vibrating, spinning, andagitating the housing.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein passing theliquid and the aggregate through the plurality of grading screensinvolves at least one of manually tumbling, shaking, vibrating,spinning, and agitating the housing.
 16. The method of claim 11 furthercomprising: collecting at least a portion of the aggregate after passagethereof through the plurality of grading screens; and analyzing thecollected portion of the aggregate.
 17. A method comprising: adding anaggregate and a fluid to a first chamber through an opening in the firstchamber; sealing the opening in the first chamber; agitating the firstchamber to force the fluid and at least a portion of the aggregatethrough a screen wall of the first chamber; and retaining a secondportion of the aggregate in a volume between the screen wall of thefirst chamber and a screen wall of a second chamber surrounding thefirst chamber.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the screen wall ofthe first chamber and the screen wall of the second chamber are ofdifferent mesh sizes.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein afteragitating the first chamber to force the fluid and at least a portion ofthe aggregate through the screen wall of the first chamber, the methodfurther comprises: collecting at least a portion of the fluid.
 20. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the fluid comprises water.